TOS References by Year

  1. 1831   Exostosis of the first rib with strong pulsations of the subclavian artery. Mayo, H. Lon Med Phys Jnl, (11): 40.

  2. 1861   Pressure of the axillary vessels and nerve by exostosis from a cervical rib. Interference with the circulation of the arm. Removal of the rib and exostosis. Recovery. Coote, R.H. Medical Times and Gazette, (2): 108.

  3. 1861   Exostosis of the left transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra surrounded by blood vessels and nerves. Successful removal. Coote, R.H. Lancet, 1: 360-361.

  4. 1884   A case of spreading obliterative arteritis. Gould, A.P. Trans Clin Soc London, (17): 95.

  5. 1903   Lesion of first dorsal nerve root. Bramwell, F. Rev Neurol Psych, 1: 263.

  6. 1905   Case of Cervical Rib with Symptoms Resembling Subclavian Aneurysm. Murphy, J.B. Ann Surg, 41 (1): 399-406.

  7. 1907   The symptomatology, diagnosis and surgical treatment of cervical ribs. Keen, W.W. Am J Med Sci, (133): 173-218.

  8. 1908   The surgical importance of cervical ribs to the general practitioner. Roberts, J.B. JAMA, 51: 1126-1130.

  9. 1910   Brachial neuritis caused by pressure of first rib. Murphy, T. Aust Med J, 15: 582-587.

  10. 1911   The Relations of the Thoracic Operculum considered in reference to the Anatomy of Cervical Ribs of Surgical Importance. Todd, T.W. J Anat Physiol., 45(Part 3): 293-304.

  11. 1912   "Cervical Rib": Factors controlling its Presence and its Size. Its Bearing on the Morphology and Development of the Shoulder. Todd, T.W. Anat Physiol, 46 (Part 3): 244-288.

  12. 1913   The Arterial Lesion in Cases of “Cervical” Rib. Todd, T.W. J Anat Physiol., 47 (Part 2): 250-253.

  13. 1916   An Experimental Study Of Circumscribed Dilation Of An Artery Immediately Distal To A Partially Occluding Band, And Its Bearing On The Dilation Of The Subclavian Artery Observed In Certain Cases Of Cervical Rib. Halsted, W.S. Jnl of Experimental Medicine, 24: 271-286.

  14. 1918   Congenital Arterio-Venous and Lymphatico-Venous Fistulae. Unique Clinical and Experimental Observations. Halsted, W.S. Proc Natl Acad Sci of USA, 5 (3): 76-79.

  15. 1918   Dilation of the Great Arteries Distal to Partially Occluding Bands. Halsted, W.S. Proc Natl Acad Sci of USA, 4 (7): 204-210.

  16. 1919   Compression of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus by a first dorsal rib. With a note on the surgical treatment. Stopford, J.S.B. and Telford, E.D. Brit J Surg, 7 (26).

  17. 1920   Adventitious Ligaments Simulating Cervical Ribs. Law, A.A. Ann Surg, 2: 497.

  18. 1927   Cervical Rib; A Method of Anterior Approach for Relief of Symptoms by Division of the Scalenus Anticus. Adson, A.W. and Coffey, J.R. Annals of Surgery, 85: 839.

  19. 1931   The Vascular Complications of the Cervical Rib. Telford, E.D. and Stopford, J.S.B. Br J Surg, 18 (59): 557.

  20. 1937   The scalenus syndrome. Naffziger, H.C. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, 64: 19-20.

  21. 1938   Neuritis of Brachial Plexus Mechanical in Origin: Scalenus Syndrome. Naffziger, H.C. and Grant, W.T. Surg Gynecol and Obstet, 67: 722.

  22. 1939   The Scalenus Anticus Syndrome with and without Cervical Rib. Donald, J.M. and Morton, B.F. Annals of Surgery, 111 (5): 709-723.

  23. 1943   Costoclavicular compression of the subclavian artery and vein. Relation to the scalenus anticus syndrome. Falconer, M.A. and Weddell, G. Lancet, 2: 539-543.

  24. 1944   Scalenus Anticus Syndrome; Types; Their Characterization, Diagnosis and Treatment. Swank, R.L. and Simeone, F.A. Arch Neurol and Psych, 51: 432.

  25. 1945   The neurovascular syndrome produced by hyperabduction of the arms: the immediate changes produced in 15 normal controls, and the effects on some persons of prolonged hyperabduction of the arms, as in sleeping, and certain occupations. Wright, I.S. Am Heart J, 29: 1.

  26. 1948   The Distribution of Sympathetic Fibres in the Brachial Plexus in Man. Sunderland, S. Brain, 71 (1): 88-102.

  27. 1948   Pressure at the Cervico-Brachial Junction: An Operative and Anatomical Study. Telford, E.D. and Mottershead, S. Jnl of Bone and Jt Surg, 30B (249-265).

  28. 1951   The Hyperabduction Syndrome: With Special Reference to Its Relationship to Raynaud's Syndrome. Beyer, J.A. and Wright, I.S. Circulation, 4: 161-172.

  29. 1953   Surgical management of shoulder girdle syndromes; new operative procedure for hyperabduction, costoclavicular, cervical rib, and scalenus anticus syndromes. Lord, J.W., Jr. AMA Arch Surg, 66 (1): 69-83.

  30. 1956   Thoracic-outlet syndrome: evaluation of a therapeutic exercise program. Peet, R.M., et al. Mayo Clin Proc, 31 (9): 281-7.

  31. 1962   Resection of the first rib in costoclavicular compression of the brachial plexus. Falconer, M.A. and Li, F.W. Lancet, 1: 59-63.

  32. 1968   Intermittent subclavian vein obstruction without thrombosis. Adams, J.T., et al. Surgery, 63: 147-165.

  33. 1970   Wasting of the hand associated with a cervical rib or band. Gilliatt, R.W., et al. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 33 (5): 615-24.

  34. 1971   Experience with first rib resection for thoracic outlet syndrome. Roos, D.B. Ann Surg, 173 (3): 429-42.

  35. 1972   First Rib Resection in the Treatment of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Transaxillary and Posterior Thoracoplasty Approaches. Roeder, D.K., et al. Annals of Surgery, 178 (1): 49-52.

  36. 1973   Posttraumatic thoracic outlet syndrome. Mulder, D.S., Greenwood, F.A., and Brooks, C.E. J Trauma, 13 (8): 706-15.

  37. 1975   Management of thoracic outlet syndrome. Dale, W.A. and Lewis, M.R. Ann Surg, 181 (5): 575-85.

  38. 1975   Thoracic Outlet Compression Syndrome. Kremer, R.M. and Ahlquist, R.E. American Journal of Surgery, 175: 612-615.

  39. 1976   Congenital anomalies associated with thoracic outlet syndrome. Anatomy, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Roos, D.B. Am J Surg, 132 (6): 771-8.

  40. 1977   Thoracic outlet syndrome in whiplash injury. Capistrant, T.D. Ann Surg, 185 (2): 175-8.

  41. 1977   Is rib resection necessary for relief of thoracic outlet syndrome? Stallworth, J.M., Quinn, G.J., and Aiken, A.F. Ann Surg, 185 (5): 581-92.

  42. 1978   Peripheral nerve conduction in patients with a cervical rib and band. Gilliatt, R.W., et al. Ann Neurol, 4 (2): 124-9.

  43. 1982   The place for scalenectomy and first-rib resection in thoracic outlet syndrome. Roos, D.B. Surgery, 92 (6): 1077-85.

  44. 1982   Non-invasive investigation of vascular compression in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome. Sallstrom, J. and Thulesius, O. Clin Physiol, 2 (2): 117-25.

  45. 1983   Thoracic outlet syndrome and the shoulder. Leffert, R.D. Clin Sports Med, 2 (2): 439-52.

  46. 1983   The middle scalene muscle and its contribution to the thoracic outlet syndrome. Thomas, G.I., et al. Am J Surg, 145 (5): 589-92.

  47. 1984   Chronic nerve compression--an experimental model in the rat. Mackinnon, S.E., et al. Ann Plast Surg, 13 (2): 112-20.

  48. 1984   Anatomical Bases of Transaxillary Resection of the First Rib. Nguyen, H., et al. Anat clin, 5: 221-233.

  49. 1984   Pathoanatomy and pathophysiology of nerve root compression. Rydevik, B., Brown, M.D., and Lundborg, G. Spine, 9 (1): 7-15.

  50. 1984   Diagnosis and management of thoracic outlet syndrome. Stallworth, J.M. and Horne, J.B. Arch Surg, 119 (10): 1149-51.

  51. 1984   Evidence for conduction delay in thoracic-outlet syndrome is challenged. Wilbourn, A.J. and Lederman, R.J. N Engl J Med, 310 (16): 1052-3.

  52. 1986   Surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome may be hazardous to your health. Cherington, M., et al. Muscle Nerve, 9 (7): 632-4.

  53. 1986   The anterior scalene muscle in thoracic outlet compression syndrome. Histochemical and morphometric studies. Machleder, H.I., Moll, F., and Verity, M.A. Arch Surg, 121 (10): 1141-4.

  54. 1986   Thoracic and Vascular Aspects of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Riddell, D.H. and Smith, B.M. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, (Number 207): 31-36.

  55. 1987   Normal brachial plexus: MR imaging. Blair, D.N., et al. Radiology, 165 (3): 763-7.

  56. 1987   Edgar J. Poth Lecture. Thoracic outlet syndromes: update 1987. Roos, D. Am J Surg, 154 (6): 568-73.

  57. 1987   Subclavian artery aneurysm secondary to a cervical supernumerary rib in a child. Vaksmann, G., Noblet, D., and Dupuis, C. Eur J Pediatr, 146 (2): 209-10.

  58. 1988   Proximal compressions of the upper limb neurovascular bundle. An anatomic research study. Poitevin, L.A. Hand Clin, 4 (4): 575-84.

  59. 1988   Brachial plexus: correlation of MR imaging with CT and pathologic findings. Rapoport, S., et al. Radiology, 167 (1): 161-5.

  60. 1988   Thoracic outlet syndrome. Sellke, F.W. and Kelly, T.R. Am J Surg, 156 (1): 54-7.

  61. 1988   Thoracic outlet syndrome surgery causing severe brachial plexopathy. Wilbourn, A.J. Muscle Nerve, 11 (1): 66-74.

  62. 1989   Thoracic outlet syndrome: evaluation with CT. Bilbey, J.H., et al. Radiology, 171 (2): 381-4.

  63. 1989   Nerves on magnetic resonance imaging. Collins, J.D., et al. J Natl Med Assoc, 81 (2): 129-34.

  64. 1989   The thoracic outlet syndrome: controversies, overdiagnosis, overtreatment, and recommendations for management. Cuetter, A.C. and Bartoszek, D.M. Muscle Nerve, 12 (5): 410-9.

  65. 1990   Scalene muscle abnormalities in traumatic thoracic outlet syndrome. Sanders, R.J., et al. Am J Surg, 159 (2): 231-6.

  66. 1990   Thoracic outlet syndrome--a myofascial variant: Part 2. Treatment. Sucher, B.M. J Am Osteopath Assoc, 90 (9): 810-2, 817-23.

  67. 1990   Thoracic outlet syndrome--a myofascial variant: Part 1. Pathology and diagnosis. Sucher, B.M. J Am Osteopath Assoc, 90 (8): 686-96, 703-4.

  68. 1990   The anatomy and physiology of nerve injury. Sunderland, S. Muscle Nerve, 13 (9): 771-84.

  69. 1991   Thoracic outlet syndrome. Neurosurgical perspective. Campbell, J.N., Naff, N.J., and Dellon, A.L. Neurosurg Clin N Am, 2 (1): 227-33.

  70. 1991   Effort thrombosis of the axillosubclavian vein: a disabling vascular disorder. Machleder, H.I. Compr Ther, 17 (5): 18-24.

  71. 1991   Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Common Sequella of Neck Injuries. Sanders, R.J. and Haug, C.E. JB Lippincott Co.

  72. 1992   Thoracic outlet syndrome: reimbursement patterns and patient profiles. Cherington, M. and Cherington, C. Neurology, 42 (5): 943-5.

  73. 1992   Magnetic resonance neurography. Howe, F.A., et al. Magn Reson Med, 28 (2): 328-38.

  74. 1992   The role of vascular damage and fibrosis in the pathogenesis of nerve root damage. Jayson, M.I. Clin Orthop Relat Res, (279): 40-8.

  75. 1992   Cervical rib variant: report of a case. Kosenak, L.M., et al. Ann Vasc Surg, 6 (3): 292-3.

  76. 1992   Thoracic outlet syndromes. Leffert, R.D. Hand Clin, 8 (2): 285-97.

  77. 1992   Thoracic outlet syndrome: evaluation of the subclavian vessels by color duplex sonography. Longley, D.G., et al. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 158 (3): 623-30.

  78. 1992   Developmental anomalies at the thoracic outlet: an analysis of 200 consecutive cases. Makhoul, R.G. and Machleder, H.I. J Vasc Surg, 16 (4): 534-42; discussion 542-5.

  79. 1993   Pain control using high-intensity pulsed magnetic stimulation. Ellis, W.V. Bioelectromagnetics, 14 (6): 553-6.

  80. 1993   Thoracic outlet syndromes and magnetic resonance imaging. Panegyres, P.K., et al. Brain, 116 (Pt 4): 823-41.

  81. 1993   MR imaging of the brachial plexus. Posniak, H.V., et al. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 161 (2): 373-9.

  82. 1993   Thoracic outlet syndrome--a myofascial variant: Part 3. Structural and postural considerations. Sucher, B.M. and Heath, D.M. J Am Osteopath Assoc, 93 (3): 334, 340-5.

  83. 1993   Brachial plexus injuries. Sunderland, S. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 95 Suppl: S1-2.

  84. 1993   Thoracic outlet syndrome. Thomas, G.I. Neurology, 43 (6): 1270-1.

  85. 1994   Supraclavicular reoperation for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Cheng, S.W. and Stoney, R.J. J Vasc Surg, 19 (4): 565-72.

  86. 1994   Thoracic outlet syndromes: new concepts from a century of discovery. Machleder, H.I. Cardiovasc Surg, 2 (2): 137-45.

  87. 1994   Clinical commentary: pathogenesis of cumulative trauma disorder. Mackinnon, S.E. and Novak, C.B. J Hand Surg [Am], 19 (5): 873-83.

  88. 1995   Neurogenic thoracic outlet decompression: rationale for sparing the first rib. Cheng, S.W., et al. Cardiovasc Surg, 3 (6): 617-23; discussion: 624.

  89. 1995   Thoracic outlet syndromes and MRI. Cherington, M., et al. Brain, 118 (Pt 3): 819-21.

  90. 1995   The anatomy of the brachial plexus as displayed by magnetic resonance imaging: technique and application. Collins, J.D., Disher, A.C., and Miller, T.Q. J Natl Med Assoc, 87 (7): 489-98.

  91. 1995   Compromising abnormalities of the brachial plexus as displayed by magnetic resonance imaging. Collins, J.D., et al. Clin Anat, 8 (1): 1-16.

  92. 1995   Arterial embolism from anatomical variation at the thoracic outlet. Dovgan, P.S., et al. Clin Anat, 8 (3): 222-6.

  93. 1995   Arterial injuries in the thoracic outlet syndrome. Durham, J.R., et al. J Vasc Surg, 21 (1): 57-69; discussion 70.

  94. 1995   Anomalies at the thoracic outlet are frequent in the general population. Juvonen, T., et al. Am J Surg, 170 (1): 33-7.

  95. 1995   Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Kline, D.G. and Hudson, A.R., in Nerve injuries: Operative Results from Major Nerve Injuries, Entrapments, and Tumors. W.B. Saunders Company: Philadelphia. p. 473-493.

  96. 1995   Thoracic outlet syndrome--a functional disturbance of the thoracic upper aperture? Lindgren, K.A., Manninen, H., and Rytkonen, H. Muscle Nerve, 18 (5): 526-30.

  97. 1995   Shoulder-arm pain from cervical bands and scalene muscle anomalies. Liu, J.E., et al. J Neurol Sci, 128 (2): 175-80.

  98. 1995   Regarding "Arterial injuries in the thoracic outlet syndrome". Lord, J.W., Jr. J Vasc Surg, 22 (1): 124-5.

  99. 1995   Thoracic outlet syndrome: provocative examination maneuvers in a typical population. Rayan, G.M. and Jensen, C. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 4 (2): 113-7.

  100. 1996   Thoracic outlet compression syndrome. Atasoy, E. Orthop Clin North Am, 27 (2): 265-303.

  101. 1996   The muscular arch of the axilla revisited: its possible role in the thoracic outlet and shoulder instability syndromes. Clarys, J.P., et al. Man Ther, 1 (3): 133-139.

  102. 1996   Lesions and nodes of the thoracic inlet. Dalley, R.W. Semin Ultrasound CT MR, 17 (6): 576-604.

  103. 1996   770 consecutive supraclavicular first rib resections for thoracic outlet syndrome. Hempel, G.K., et al. Ann Vasc Surg, 10 (5): 456-63.

  104. 1996   MR imaging of the treated brachial plexus. Iyer, R.B., Fenstermacher, M.J., and Libshitz, H.I. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 167 (1): 225-9.

  105. 1996   Evaluation of the patient with thoracic outlet syndrome. Mackinnon, S.E. and Novak, C.B. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 8 (2): 190-200.

  106. 1996   Thoracic outlet syndrome: a current overview. Mackinnon, S.E., Patterson, G.A., and Novak, C.B. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 8 (2): 176-82.

  107. 1996   The brachial plexus. Mukherji, S.K., Castillo, M., and Wagle, A.G. Semin Ultrasound CT MR, 17 (6): 519-38.

  108. 1996   Thoracic outlet: an anatomical redefinition that makes clinical sense. Ranney, D. Clin Anat, 9 (1): 50-2.

  109. 1996   The thoracic inlet: normal anatomy. Reede, D.L. Semin Ultrasound CT MR, 17 (6): 509-18.

  110. 1996   Results of the surgical treatment for thoracic outlet syndrome. Sanders, R.J. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 8 (2): 221-8.

  111. 1996   Nerve action potential recording method and equipment. Tiel, R.L., Happel, L.T., Jr., and Kline, D.G. Neurosurgery, 39 (1): 103-8; discussion 108-9.

  112. 1997   Aggressive fibromatosis of the neck: MR findings. Garant, M., Remy, H., and Just, N. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 18 (8): 1429-31.

  113. 1997   Diagnosis and management of arterial compression at the thoracic outlet. Gelabert, H.A. and Machleder, H.I. Ann Vasc Surg, 11 (4): 359-66.

  114. 1997   Scalene muscles and the brachial plexus: anatomical variations and their clinical significance. Harry, W.G., Bennett, J.D., and Guha, S.C. Clin Anat, 10 (4): 250-2.

  115. 1997   Helical computed tomography of the normal thoracic outlet. Matsumura, J.S., et al. J Vasc Surg, 26 (5): 776-83.

  116. 1997   MR imaging of the brachial plexus. Reede, D.L. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 5 (4): 897-906.

  117. 1997   Functional anatomy of the thoracic outlet: evaluation with spiral CT. Remy-Jardin, M., et al. Radiology, 205 (3): 843-51.

  118. 1997   Upper plexus thoracic outlet syndrome: optimal therapy. Urschel, H.C., Jr. and Razzuk, M.A. Ann Thorac Surg, 63 (4): 935-9.

  119. 1998   Dermatomal and mixed nerve somatosensory evoked potentials in the diagnosis of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Cakmur, R., et al. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 108 (5): 423-34.

  120. 1998   Cervical lung protrusions in children. Currarino, G. Pediatr Radiol, 28 (7): 533-8.

  121. 1998   Diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome using electrophysiologically guided anterior scalene blocks. Jordan, S.E. and Machleder, H.I. Ann Vasc Surg, 12 (3): 260-4.

  122. 1998   Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Follow-up on 33 Cases with Regard to Vascular Compression. Lutz, B.S., Matejic, B., and Ingianni, G. Int J Angiol, 7 (3): 202-5.

  123. 1998   Imaging of the peripheral nervous system: evaluation of peripheral neuropathy and plexopathy. Maravilla, K.R. and Bowen, B.C. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 19 (6): 1011-23.

  124. 1998   The false-positive rate of thoracic outlet syndrome shoulder maneuvers in healthy subjects. Plewa, M.C. and Delinger, M. Acad Emerg Med, 5 (4): 337-42.

  125. 1998   Thoracic outlet syndrome. Rayan, G.M. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 7 (4): 440-51.

  126. 1998   A comparative study of structures comprising the thoracic outlet in 250 human cadavers and 72 surgical cases of thoracic outlet syndrome. Redenbach, D.M. and Nelems, B. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 13 (4): 353-60.

  127. 1998   Neurovascular compression in the thoracic outlet: changing management over 50 years. Urschel, H.C., Jr. and Razzuk, M.A. Ann Surg, 228 (4): 609-17.

  128. 1999   Diagnosis, treatment, and complications of thoracic outlet syndrome. Abe, M., Ichinohe, K., and Nishida, J. J Orthop Sci, 4 (1): 66-9.

  129. 1999   Navigating the thoracic inlet. Chiles, C., Davis, K.W., and Williams, D.W., 3rd. Radiographics, 19 (5): 1161-76.

  130. 1999   Three-dimensional MR angiography in the evaluation of thoracic outlet syndrome. Dymarkowski, S., et al. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 173 (4): 1005-8.

  131. 1999   AAEM case report 33: costoclavicular mass syndrome. American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine. England, J.D. and Tiel, R.L. Muscle Nerve, 22 (3): 412-8.

  132. 1999   Proximal neuropathies of the upper extremity. Goslin, K.L. and Krivickas, L.S. Neurol Clin, 17 (3): 525-48, vii.

  133. 1999   Hemiplegia and contralateral upper limb claudication--a case of dual disability from pseudoaneurysm of the brachiocephalic artery: a brief report. Harvey, R.L. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 78 (1): 56-9.

  134. 1999   Thoracic outlet syndrome. Results of 282 transaxillary first rib resections. Leffert, R.D. and Perlmutter, G.S. Clin Orthop Relat Res, (368): 66-79.

  135. 1999   Experience of supraclavicular exploration and decompression for treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome. McCarthy, M.J., et al. Ann Vasc Surg, 13 (3): 268-74.

  136. 1999   Thoracic outlet syndrome is underdiagnosed. Roos, D.B. Muscle Nerve, 22 (1): 126-9; discussion 137-8.

  137. 1999   Migraine complicated by brachial plexopathy as displayed by MRI and MRA: aberrant subclavian artery and cervical ribs. Saxton, E.H., Miller, T.Q., and Collins, J.D. J Natl Med Assoc, 91 (6): 333-41.

  138. 1999   Thoracic outlet syndromes. Wilbourn, A.J. Neurol Clin, 17 (3): 477-97, vi.

  139. 1999   Thoracic outlet syndrome is overdiagnosed. Wilbourn, A.J. Muscle Nerve, 22 (1): 130-6; discussion 136-7.

  140. 2000   The subclavius posticus muscle: a factor in arterial, venous or brachial plexus compression? Akita, K., et al. Surg Radiol Anat, 22 (2): 111-5.

  141. 2000   Relative ultrasonographic echogenicity of standard, dimpled, and polymeric-coated needles. Culp, W.C., et al. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 11 (3): 351-8.

  142. 2000   Thoracic outlet: anatomic correlation with MR imaging. Demondion, X., et al. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 175 (2): 417-22.

  143. 2000   Diagnosis of vascular compression at the thoracic outlet using gadolinium-enhanced high-resolution ultrafast MR angiography in abduction and adduction. Hagspiel, K.D., et al. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 23 (2): 152-4.

  144. 2000   Clinical evaluation and management of work-related carpal tunnel syndrome. Herbert, R., Gerr, F., and Dropkin, J. Am J Ind Med, 37 (1): 62-74.

  145. 2000   Measuring longitudinal nerve motion using ultrasonography. Hough, A.D., Moore, A.P., and Jones, M.P. Man Ther, 5 (3): 173-80.

  146. 2000   Selective botulinum chemodenervation of the scalene muscles for treatment of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Jordan, S.E., et al. Ann Vasc Surg, 14 (4): 365-9.

  147. 2000   Electromyography in Shoulder Disorders. Khella, S. UPOJ, 13: 29-34.

  148. 2000   [True neurological thoracic outlet syndrome]. Le Forestier, N., et al. Rev Neurol (Paris), 156 (1): 34-40.

  149. 2000   Brachial plexus nerve block with CT guidance for regional pain management: initial results. Mukherji, S.K., et al. Radiology, 216 (3): 886-90.

  150. 2000   Subclavian MR arteriography: reduction of susceptibility artifact with short echo time and dilute gadopentetate dimeglumine. Neimatallah, M.A., et al. Radiology, 217 (2): 581-6.

  151. 2000   Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block: an alternative technique to anatomical landmark-guided approaches. Ootaki, C., Hayashi, H., and Amano, M. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 25 (6): 600-4.

  152. 2000   Helical CT angiography of thoracic outlet syndrome: functional anatomy. Remy-Jardin, M., et al. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 174 (6): 1667-74.

  153. 2000   Functional imaging of the thoracic outlet syndrome in an open MR scanner. Smedby, O., et al. Eur Radiol, 10 (4): 597-600.

  154. 2000   Sectional neuroanatomy of the upper limb I: brachial plexus. Taber, K.H., et al. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 24 (6): 983-6.

  155. 2000   Peripheral arterial disease: gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography versus color-guided duplex US--a meta-analysis. Visser, K. and Hunink, M.G. Radiology, 216 (1): 67-77.

  156. 2000   MR imaging of nontraumatic brachial plexopathies: frequency and spectrum of findings. Wittenberg, K.H. and Adkins, M.C. Radiographics, 20 (4): 1023-32.

  157. 2001   Nerves of the thorax: atlas of normal and pathologic findings. Aquino, S.L., Duncan, G.R., and Hayman, L.A. Radiographics, 21 (5): 1275-81.

  158. 2001   Outcomes after surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome. Axelrod, D.A., et al. J Vasc Surg, 33 (6): 1220-5.

  159. 2001   Subclavius posticus muscle: supernumerary muscle as a potential cause for thoracic outlet syndrome. Forcada, P., et al. Clin Anat, 14 (1): 55-7.

  160. 2001   Diagnosing thoracic outlet syndrome: contribution of provocative tests, ultrasonography, electrophysiology, and helical computed tomography in 48 patients. Gillard, J., et al. Joint Bone Spine, 68 (5): 416-24.

  161. 2001   Nerve injuries of the elbow, wrist, and hand in athletes. Izzi, J., et al. Clin Sports Med, 20 (1): 203-17.

  162. 2001   Sonographers and Occupational Overuse Syndrome: Cause, Effect, and Solutions. Jakes, C. Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, 17 (6): 312-320.

  163. 2001   Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome in whiplash injury. Kai, Y., et al. J Spinal Disord, 14 (6): 487-93.

  164. 2001   Long-term functional outcome of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome in surgically and conservatively treated patients. Landry, G.J., et al. J Vasc Surg, 33 (2): 312-7; discussion 317-9.

  165. 2001   Outcome after thrombolysis and selective thoracic outlet decompression for primary axillary vein thrombosis. Lokanathan, R., et al. J Vasc Surg, 33 (4): 783-8.

  166. 2001   Helical CT angiography of thoracic outlet syndrome. Matsumura, J.S., Yao, J.S., and Nemcek, A.A., Jr. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 177 (3): 714-5.

  167. 2001   Long-term results of surgical decompression of thoracic outlet compression syndrome. Maxwell-Armstrong, C.A., et al. J R Coll Surg Edinb, 46 (1): 35-8.

  168. 2001   Noninvasive vascular laboratory for evaluation of peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Part III--Clinical applications: nonatherosclerotic lower extremity arterial conditions and upper extremity arterial disease. Rose, S.C. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 12 (1): 11-8.

  169. 2001   Anatomical variations of the scalene triangle: dissection of 10 cadavers. Rusnak-Smith, S., Moffat, M., and Rosen, E. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 31 (2): 70-80.

  170. 2001   Long-term follow-up and patient satisfaction after surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome. Sharp, W.J., et al. Ann Vasc Surg, 15 (1): 32-6.

  171. 2001   Diagnosis and treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome. Sheth, R.N. and Belzberg, A.J. Neurosurg Clin N Am, 12 (2): 295-309.

  172. 2001   Hypertrophic non-union of the first rib causing thoracic outlet syndrome: a case report. Suh, J.T., Park, B.G., and Yoo, C.I. J Korean Med Sci, 16 (5): 673-6.

  173. 2001   MRI of the brachial plexus. van Es, H.W. Eur Radiol, 11 (2): 325-36.

  174. 2001   Color Doppler and duplex sonography in 5 patients with thoracic outlet syndrome. Wadhwani, R., et al. J Ultrasound Med, 20 (7): 795-801.

  175. 2001   The enigma of whiplash injury. Current management strategies and controversies. Young, W.F. Postgrad Med, 109 (3): 179-80, 183-6.

  176. 2002   Actions of the scalene muscles for rotation of the cervical spine in macaque and human. Buford, J.A., et al. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 32 (10): 488-96.

  177. 2002   Ultrasound in the practice of brachial plexus anesthesia. De Andres, J. and Sala-Blanch, X. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 27 (1): 77-89.

  178. 2002   Effort thrombosis in the elite throwing athlete. DiFelice, G.S., et al. Am J Sports Med, 30 (5): 708-12.

  179. 2002   Electrodiagnostic approach to the patient with suspected brachial plexopathy. Ferrante, M.A. and Wilbourn, A.J. Neurol Clin, 20 (2): 423-50.

  180. 2002   The Conundrum of Thoracic Outlet Surgery. Leffert, R.D. Techniques in Shoulder & Elbow Surgery, 3 (4): 262-270.

  181. 2002   Thoracic outlet syndrome. Mackinnon, S.E. and Novak, C.B. Curr Probl Surg, 39 (11): 1070-145.

  182. 2002   Brachial plexus sonography: a technique for assessing the root level. Martinoli, C., et al. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 179 (3): 699-702.

  183. 2002   Upper plexus thoracic outlet syndrome--case report. Matsuyama, T., Okuchi, K., and Goda, K. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo), 42 (5): 237-41.

  184. 2002   Adult Brachial Plexus and Thoracic Outlet Surgery. Merrell, G.A. and Wolfe, S. Techniques in Shoulder & Elbow Surgery, 3 (4): 271-281.

  185. 2002   Brachial plexus anesthesia: essentials of our current understanding. Neal, J.M., et al. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 27 (4): 402-28.

  186. 2002   Multilevel nerve compression and muscle imbalance in work-related neuromuscular disorders. Novak, C.B. and Mackinnon, S.E. Am J Ind Med, 41 (5): 343-52.

  187. 2002   Ultrasound-guided nerve blocks. Peterson, M.K., Millar, F.A., and Sheppard, D.G. Br J Anaesth, 88 (5): 621-4.

  188. 2002   Management of cervical ribs and anomalous first ribs causing neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Sanders, R.J. and Hammond, S.L. J Vasc Surg, 36 (1): 51-6.

  189. 2002   Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block. Sandhu, N.S. and Capan, L.M. Br J Anaesth, 89 (2): 254-9.

  190. 2002   Cervical burners in the athlete. Shannon, B. and Klimkiewicz, J.J. Clin Sports Med, 21 (1): 29-35, vi.

  191. 2003   Surgical treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome: effect and results of surgery. Balci, A.E., et al. Ann Thorac Surg, 75 (4): 1091-6; discussion 1096.

  192. 2003   Outcome following surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome. Bhattacharya, V., et al. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 26 (2): 170-5.

  193. 2003   Applying ultrasound imaging to interscalene brachial plexus block. Chan, V.W. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 28 (4): 340-3.

  194. 2003   Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Chan, V.W., et al. Anesth Analg, 97 (5): 1514-7.

  195. 2003   Provocative F Waves May Help in the Diagnosis of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Cuevas-Trisan, R.L. and Cruz-Jimenez, M. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82 (9): 712-715.

  196. 2003   Vascular thoracic outlet syndrome. Davidovic, L.B., et al. World J Surg, 27 (5): 545-50.

  197. 2003   Subclavian artery aneurysms. Davidovic, L.B., et al. Asian J Surg, 26 (1): 7-11; discussion 12.

  198. 2003   Thoracic outlet: assessment with MR imaging in asymptomatic and symptomatic populations. Demondion, X., et al. Radiology, 227 (2): 461-8.

  199. 2003   Sonographic mapping of the normal brachial plexus. Demondion, X., et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 24 (7): 1303-9.

  200. 2003   Entrapment neuropathies of the upper extremity. Dimeff, R.J. Curr Sports Med Rep, 2 (5): 255-61.

  201. 2003   Heparin Alleviates Pain in Nerve Entrapments. Ellis, W. American Journal of Pain Management, 13 (2): 54-59.

  202. 2003   Intraoperative thermographic monitoring during neurogenic thoracic outlet decompressive surgery. Ellis, W. and Cheng, S. Vasc Endovascular Surg, 37 (4): 253-7.

  203. 2003   Transaxillary approach in thoracic outlet syndrome: the importance of resection of the first-rib. Han, S., et al. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 24 (3): 428-33.

  204. 2003   Documentation of brachial plexus compression (in the thoracic inlet) utilizing provocative neurosensory and muscular testing. Howard, M., Lee, C., and Dellon, A.L. J Reconstr Microsurg, 19 (5): 303-12.

  205. 2003   Paget-Schroetter Syndrome. Khan SN, S.G. Phlebography, 18 (1): 2-11.

  206. 2003   Outcomes of surgery in 1019 brachial plexus lesions treated at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. Kim, D.H., et al. J Neurosurg, 98 (5): 1005-16.

  207. 2003   Role of CT venography in the diagnosis and treatment of benign thoracic central venous obstruction. Kim, H., et al. Korean J Radiol, 4 (3): 146-52.

  208. 2003   Venous thoracic outlet syndrome secondary to congenital pseudoarthrosis of the clavicle. Presentation in the fourth decade of life. Lozano, P., et al. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 25 (6): 592-3.

  209. 2003   SIR 2003 film panel case 7: arterial thoracic outlet syndrome presenting with upper extremity emboli and posterior circulation stroke. Matsen, S.L., et al. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 14 (6): 807-12.

  210. 2003   Thoracic outlet syndrome: does fiction outweigh facts? Naidu, S.H. and Kothari, M.J. Current Opinions in Orthopedics, 14: 209-214.

  211. 2003   Compressive neuropathies of the upper extremity. Spinner, R.J. and Amadio, P.C. Clin Plast Surg, 30 (2): 155-73, vi.

  212. 2003   Brachial plexus injuries. Tung, T.H. and Mackinnon, S.E. Clin Plast Surg, 30 (2): 269-87.

  213. 2003   Ultrasound guidance speeds execution and improves the quality of supraclavicular block. Williams, S.R., et al. Anesth Analg, 97 (5): 1518-23.

  214. 2003   Advances in objective assessment of hand function and outcome assessment of the musician's hand. Winspur, I. Hand Clin, 19 (3): 483-93.

  215. 2004   Recurrent neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Ambrad-Chalela, E., Thomas, G.I., and Johansen, K.H. Am J Surg, 187 (4): 505-10.

  216. 2004   Thoracic outlet syndrome: anatomy. Atasoy, E. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 7-14, v.

  217. 2004   History of thoracic outlet syndrome. Atasoy, E. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 15-6, v.

  218. 2004   Combined surgical treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome: transaxillary first rib resection and transcervical scalenectomy. Atasoy, E. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 71-82, vii.

  219. 2004   Recurrent thoracic outlet syndrome. Atasoy, E. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 99-105.

  220. 2004   Primary brachial plexus tumors: imaging, surgical, and pathological findings in 25 patients. Binder, D.K., Smith, J.S., and Barbaro, N.M. Neurosurg Focus, 16 (5): E11.

  221. 2004   The brachial plexus: normal anatomy, pathology, and MR imaging. Bowen, B.C., et al. Neuroimaging Clin N Am, 14 (1): 59-85, vii-viii.

  222. 2004   Appendix: use of multidetector CT and three-dimensional reconstructions in thoracic outlet syndrome: a preliminary report. Brantigan, C.O., Johnston, R.J., and Roos, D.B. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 123-6, viii.

  223. 2004   Etiology of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Brantigan, C.O. and Roos, D.B. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 17-22.

  224. 2004   Diagnosing thoracic outlet syndrome. Brantigan, C.O. and Roos, D.B. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 27-36.

  225. 2004   Evaluation of MR angiographic technique in the assessment of thoracic outlet syndrome. Charon, J.P., et al. Clin Radiol, 59 (7): 588-95.

  226. 2004   Enhancement of needle visibility in ultrasound-guided percutaneous procedures. Cheung, S. and Rohling, R. Ultrasound Med Biol, 30 (5): 617-24.

  227. 2004   Conservative treatment for thoracic outlet syndrome. Crosby, C.A. and Wehbe, M.A. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 43-9, vi.

  228. 2004   Infraspinatus muscle atrophy in professional baseball players. Cummins, C.A., Messer, T.M., and Schafer, M.F. Am J Sports Med, 32 (1): 116-20.

  229. 2004   Thoracic outlet syndrome surgery: long-term functional results. Degeorges, R., Reynaud, C., and Becquemin, J.P. Ann Vasc Surg, 18 (5): 558-65.

  230. 2004   Brachial plexopathies: classification, causes, and consequences. Ferrante, M.A. Muscle Nerve, 30 (5): 547-68.

  231. 2004   MR neurography and muscle MR imaging for image diagnosis of disorders affecting the peripheral nerves and musculature. Filler, A.G., Maravilla, K.R., and Tsuruda, J.S. Neurol Clin, 22 (3): 643-82, vi-vii.

  232. 2004   Sonographic evaluation of brachial plexus pathology. Graif, M., et al. Eur Radiol, 14 (2): 193-200.

  233. 2004   Nerves in a pinch: imaging of nerve compression syndromes. Hochman, M.G. and Zilberfarb, J.L. Radiol Clin North Am, 42 (1): 221-45.

  234. 2004   Thoracic outlet syndrome. Huang, J.H. and Zager, E.L. Neurosurgery, 55 (4): 897-902; discussion 902-3.

  235. 2004   Infraclavicular brachial plexus stretch injury. Kim, D.H., et al. Neurosurg Focus, 16 (5): E4.

  236. 2004   Complications of surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome. Leffert, R.D. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 91-8.

  237. 2004   Brachial plexus anatomy. Leinberry, C.F. and Wehbe, M.A. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 1-5.

  238. 2004   Ultrasound guidance for infraclavicular brachial plexus anaesthesia in children. Marhofer, P., et al. Anaesthesia, 59 (7): 642-6.

  239. 2004   Surgical approach to anterior scalenectomy. Mattson, R.J. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 57-60.

  240. 2004   Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome. Patton, G.M. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 107-11, viii.

  241. 2004   Ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block. Perlas, A. and Chan, V.W.S. Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management, 8 (4): 143-148.

  242. 2004   Nerve Injury About the Shoulder
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  243. 2004   Nerve injury about the shoulder in athletes, part 2: long thoracic nerve, spinal accessory nerve, burners/stingers, thoracic outlet syndrome. Safran, M.R. Am J Sports Med, 32 (4): 1063-76.

  244. 2004   Surgical management of thoracic outlet syndrome: a 10-year experience. Samarasam, I., et al. ANZ J Surg, 74 (6): 450-4.

  245. 2004   Etiology and pathology. Sanders, R.J. and Hammond, S.L. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 23-6.

  246. 2004   Supraclavicular first rib resection and total scalenectomy: technique and results. Sanders, R.J. and Hammond, S.L. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 61-70.

  247. 2004   Venous thoracic outlet syndrome. Sanders, R.J. and Hammond, S.L. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 113-8, viii.

  248. 2004   Ultrasound visibility of needles used for regional nerve block: an in vitro study. Schafhalter-Zoppoth, I., McCulloch, C.E., and Gray, A.T. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 29 (5): 480-8.

  249. 2004   Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve conduction study, a new tool to demonstrate mild lower brachial plexus lesions. A report of 16 cases. Seror, P. Clin Neurophysiol, 115 (10): 2316-22.

  250. 2004   Gilliatt-Sumner hand revisited: a 25-year experience. Tender, G.C., et al. Neurosurgery, 55 (4): 883-90; discussion 890.

  251. 2004   "EMG" for thoracic outlet syndrome. Tolson, T.D. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 37-42, vi.

  252. 2004   Diagnosing suprascapular neuropathy in patients with shoulder dysfunction: a report of 5 cases. Walsworth, M.K., Mills, J.T., 3rd, and Michener, L.A. Phys Ther, 84 (4): 359-72.

  253. 2004   Bile duct strictures after hepatobiliary surgery: assessment with MR cholangiography. Ward, J., et al. Radiology, 231 (1): 101-8.

  254. 2004   Current trends in treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome. Wehbe, M.A. and Leinberry, C.F. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 119-21.

  255. 2004   Nerve gliding exercises for thoracic outlet syndrome. Wehbe, M.A. and Schlegel, J.M. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 51-5, vi.

  256. 2004   Epineurectomy for thoracic outlet syndrome. Wehbe, M.A. and Whitaker, M.L. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 83-6.

  257. 2004   Therapy after thoracic outlet release. Wishchuk, J.R. and Dougherty, C.R. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 87-90, vii.

  258. 2004   Clinical predictors of surgical outcome in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome operated on via transaxillary approach. Yavuzer, S., Atinkaya, C., and Tokat, O. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 25 (2): 173-8.

  259. 2005   Thoracic outlet syndrome: pattern of clinical success after operative decompression. Altobelli, G.G., et al. J Vasc Surg, 42 (1): 122-8.

  260. 2005   Imaging the brachial plexus. Amrami, K.K. and Port, J.D. Hand Clin, 21 (1): 25-37.

  261. 2005   A prospective comparison study of MRI versus small bowel follow-through in recurrent Crohn's disease. Bernstein, C.N., et al. Am J Gastroenterol, 100 (11): 2493-502.

  262. 2005   Bilateral non-traumatic second rib fracture after bilateral first rib resection for TOS. Jakubietz, M.G., et al. Thorax, 60 (3): 259-60.

  263. 2005   Cadaveric observation of an aberrant left subclavian artery: a possible cause of thoracic outlet syndrome. Konuskan, B., et al. Clin Anat, 18 (3): 215-6.

  264. 2005   Peripheral Nerve Injuries in Weight Training. Lodhia KR, B.B., McGillicuddy J. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 33 (7).

  265. 2005   Ultrasound guidance in regional anaesthesia. Marhofer, P., Greher, M., and Kapral, S. Br J Anaesth, 94 (1): 7-17.

  266. 2005   Quantitative vascular measurements in arterial occlusive disease. Ota, H., et al. Radiographics, 25 (5): 1141-58.

  267. 2005   Quantification of the weakness and fatigue in thoracic outlet syndrome with isokinetic measurements. Ozcakar, L., et al. Br J Sports Med, 39 (3): 178-81.

  268. 2005   A review of compressive ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Robertson, C. and Saratsiotis, J. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 28 (5): 345.

  269. 2005   Frequency of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome in patients with definite carpal tunnel syndrome: an electrophysiological evaluation in 100 women. Seror, P. Clin Neurophysiol, 116 (2): 259-63.

  270. 2005   Surgical treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome: a randomized trial comparing two operations. Sheth, R.N. and Campbell, J.N. J Neurosurg Spine, 3 (5): 355-63.

  271. 2005   Ultrasound-guided musculocutaneous nerve block: a description of a novel technique. Spence, B.C., Sites, B.D., and Beach, M.L. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 30 (2): 198-201.

  272. 2005   Sectional neuroanatomy of the upper thoracic spine and chest. Taber, K.H., et al. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 29 (2): 281-5.

  273. 2005   Nerve entrapments of the wrist: early treatment preserves function. Wellik, G.M. Jaapa, 18 (4): 18-23; quiz 31-2.

  274. 2006   Imaging assessment of thoracic outlet syndrome. Demondion, X., et al. Radiographics, 26 (6): 1735-50.

  275. 2006   Ultrasonographic Assessment of Arterial Cross-sectional Area in the Thoracic Outlet on Postural Maneuvers Measured With Power Doppler Ultrasonography in Both Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Populations. Demondion, X., et al. J Ultrasound Med, 25 (2): 217-24.

  276. 2006   Doppler Adson's test: predictor of outcome of surgery in non-specific thoracic outlet syndrome. Lee, A.D., Agarwal, S., and Sadhu, D. World J Surg, 30 (3): 291-2.

  277. 2006   Variations of the course of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus and their clinical significance for the thoracic outlet syndrome: a study on 93 cadavers. Natsis, K., et al. Am Surg, 72 (2): 188-92.



  278. 2006   Additional vascular compression of the brachial plexus in a cadaver with a cervical rib: case illustration. Tubbs, R.S., et al. Surg Radiol Anat, 28 (1): 112-3.