White Paper References by Year

  1. 1970  Wasting of the hand associated with a cervical rib or band. Gilliatt, R.W., et al. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 33 (5): 615-24.


  2. 1976  Congenital anomalies associated with thoracic outlet syndrome. Anatomy, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Roos, D.B. Am J Surg, 132 (6): 771-8.

  3. 1978  Peripheral nerve conduction in patients with a cervical rib and band. Gilliatt, R.W., et al. Ann Neurol, 4 (2): 124-9.

  4. 1982  The place for scalenectomy and first-rib resection in thoracic outlet syndrome. Roos, D.B. Surgery, 92 (6): 1077-85.

  5. 1983  The middle scalene muscle and its contribution to the thoracic outlet syndrome. Thomas, G.I., et al. Am J Surg, 145 (5): 589-92.

  6. 1983  Thoracic outlet syndrome and the shoulder. Leffert, R.D. Clin Sports Med, 2 (2): 439-52.

  7. 1984  Pathoanatomy and pathophysiology of nerve root compression. Rydevik, B., Brown, M.D., and Lundborg, G. Spine, 9 (1): 7-15.

  8. 1986  The anterior scalene muscle in thoracic outlet compression syndrome. Histochemical and morphometric studies. Machleder, H.I., Moll, F., and Verity, M.A. Arch Surg, 121 (10): 1141-4.

  9. 1987  Edgar J. Poth Lecture. Thoracic outlet syndromes: update 1987. Roos, D.B. Am J Surg, 154 (6): 568-73.

  10. 1989  Nerves on magnetic resonance imaging. Collins, J.D., et al. J Natl Med Assoc, 81 (2): 129-34.

  11. 1989  Thoracic outlet syndrome: evaluation with CT. Bilbey, J.H., et al. Radiology, 171 (2): 381-4.

  12. 1990  Scalene muscle abnormalities in traumatic thoracic outlet syndrome. Sanders, R.J., et al. Am J Surg, 159 (2): 231-6.

  13. 1991  Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Common Sequella of Neck Injuries. Sanders, R.J. and Haug, C.E. JB Lippincott Co.

  14. 1992  Magnetic resonance neurography. Howe, F.A., et al. Magn Reson Med, 28 (2): 328-38.

  15. 1992  Thoracic outlet syndrome: evaluation of the subclavian vessels by color duplex sonography. Longley, D.G., et al. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 158 (3): 623-30.

  16. 1992  Developmental anomalies at the thoracic outlet: an analysis of 200 consecutive cases. Makhoul, R.G. and Machleder, H.I. J Vasc Surg, 16 (4): 534-42; discussion 542-5.

  17. 1992  Thoracic outlet syndromes. Leffert, R.D. Hand Clin, 8 (2): 285-97.

  18. 1993  Thoracic outlet syndromes and magnetic resonance imaging. Panegyres, P.K., et al. Brain, 116 (Pt 4): 823-41.

  19. 1994  Thoracic outlet syndromes: new concepts from a century of discovery. Machleder, H.I. Cardiovasc Surg, 2 (2): 137-45.

  20. 1994  Supraclavicular reoperation for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Cheng, S.W. and Stoney, R.J. J Vasc Surg, 19 (4): 565-72.

  21. 1994  Clinical commentary: pathogenesis of cumulative trauma disorder. Mackinnon, S.E. and Novak, C.B. J Hand Surg [Am], 19 (5): 873-83.

  22. 1995  Compromising abnormalities of the brachial plexus as displayed by magnetic resonance imaging. Collins, J.D., et al. Clin Anat, 8 (1): 1-16.

  23. 1995  The anatomy of the brachial plexus as displayed by magnetic resonance imaging: technique and application. Collins, J.D., Disher, A.C., and Miller, T.Q. J Natl Med Assoc, 87 (7): 489-98.

  24. 1995  Thoracic outlet syndrome: provocative examination maneuvers in a typical population. Rayan, G.M. and Jensen, C. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 4 (2): 113-7.

  25. 1995  Arterial embolism from anatomical variation at the thoracic outlet. Dovgan, P.S., et al. Clin Anat, 8 (3): 222-6.

  26. 1995  Anomalies at the thoracic outlet are frequent in the general population. Juvonen, T., et al. Am J Surg, 170 (1): 33-7.

  27. 1995  Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Kline DG, H.A., in Nerve injuries: Operative Results from Major Nerve Injuries, Entrapments, and Tumors. W.B. Saunders Company: Philadelphia. p. 473-493.

  28. 1995  Neurogenic thoracic outlet decompression: rationale for sparing the first rib. Cheng, S.W., et al. Cardiovasc Surg, 3 (6): 617-23; discussion: 624.

  29. 1995  Shoulder-arm pain from cervical bands and scalene muscle anomalies. Liu, J.E., et al. J Neurol Sci, 128 (2): 175-80.

  30. 1995  Arterial injuries in the thoracic outlet syndrome. Durham, J.R., et al. J Vasc Surg, 21 (1): 57-69; discussion 70.

  31. 1996  The thoracic inlet: normal anatomy. Reede, D.L. Semin Ultrasound CT MR, 17 (6): 509-18.

  32. 1996  The brachial plexus. Mukherji, S.K., Castillo, M., and Wagle, A.G. Semin Ultrasound CT MR, 17 (6): 519-38.

  33. 1996  Lesions and nodes of the thoracic inlet. Dalley, R.W. Semin Ultrasound CT MR, 17 (6): 576-604.

  34. 1996  Thoracic outlet: an anatomical redefinition that makes clinical sense. Ranney, D. Clin Anat, 9 (1): 50-2.

  35. 1996  Results of the surgical treatment for thoracic outlet syndrome. Sanders, R.J. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 8 (2): 221-8.

  36. 1996  770 consecutive supraclavicular first rib resections for thoracic outlet syndrome. Hempel, G.K., et al. Ann Vasc Surg, 10 (5): 456-63.

  37. 1996  Thoracic outlet syndrome: a current overview. Mackinnon, S.E., Patterson, G.A., and Novak, C.B. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 8 (2): 176-82.

  38. 1996  Evaluation of the patient with thoracic outlet syndrome. Mackinnon, S.E. and Novak, C.B. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 8 (2): 190-200.

  39. 1997  MR imaging of the brachial plexus. Reede, D.L. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 5 (4): 897-906.

  40. 1997  Functional anatomy of the thoracic outlet: evaluation with spiral CT. Remy-Jardin, M., et al. Radiology, 205 (3): 843-51.

  41. 1997  Helical computed tomography of the normal thoracic outlet. Matsumura, J.S., et al. J Vasc Surg, 26 (5): 776-83.

  42. 1997  Scalene muscles and the brachial plexus: anatomical variations and their clinical significance. Harry, W.G., Bennett, J.D., and Guha, S.C. Clin Anat, 10 (4): 250-2.

  43. 1997  Upper plexus thoracic outlet syndrome: optimal therapy. Urschel, H.C., Jr. and Razzuk, M.A. Ann Thorac Surg, 63 (4): 935-9.

  44. 1998  Imaging of the peripheral nervous system: evaluation of peripheral neuropathy and plexopathy. Maravilla, K.R. and Bowen, B.C. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 19 (6): 1011-23.

  45. 1998  The false-positive rate of thoracic outlet syndrome shoulder maneuvers in healthy subjects. Plewa, M.C. and Delinger, M. Acad Emerg Med, 5 (4): 337-42.

  46. 1998  A comparative study of structures comprising the thoracic outlet in 250 human cadavers and 72 surgical cases of thoracic outlet syndrome. Redenbach, D.M. and Nelems, B. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 13 (4): 353-60.

  47. 1998  Neurovascular compression in the thoracic outlet: changing management over 50 years. Urschel, H.C., Jr. and Razzuk, M.A. Ann Surg, 228 (4): 609-17.

  48. 1999  Three-dimensional MR angiography in the evaluation of thoracic outlet syndrome. Dymarkowski, S., et al. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 173 (4): 1005-8.

  49. 1999  Navigating the thoracic inlet. Chiles, C., Davis, K.W., and Williams, D.W., 3rd. Radiographics, 19 (5): 1161-76.

  50. 1999  AAEM case report 33: costoclavicular mass syndrome. American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine. England, J.D. and Tiel, R.L. Muscle Nerve, 22 (3): 412-8.

  51. 1999  Thoracic outlet syndrome is underdiagnosed. Roos, D.B. Muscle Nerve, 22 (1): 126-9; discussion 137-8.

  52. 1999  Thoracic outlet syndrome. Results of 282 transaxillary first rib resections. Leffert, R.D. and Perlmutter, G.S. Clin Orthop Relat Res, (368): 66-79.

  53. 2000  Diagnosis of vascular compression at the thoracic outlet using gadolinium-enhanced high-resolution ultrafast MR angiography in abduction and adduction. Hagspiel, K.D., et al. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 23 (2): 152-4.

  54. 2000  Thoracic outlet: anatomic correlation with MR imaging. Demondion, X., et al. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 175 (2): 417-22.

  55. 2000  Helical CT angiography of thoracic outlet syndrome: functional anatomy. Remy-Jardin, M., et al. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 174 (6): 1667-74.

  56. 2000  [True neurological thoracic outlet syndrome]. Le Forestier, N., et al. Rev Neurol (Paris), 156 (1): 34-40.

  57. 2000  Sectional neuroanatomy of the upper limb I: brachial plexus. Taber, K.H., et al. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 24 (6): 983-6.

  58. 2000  Selective botulinum chemodenervation of the scalene muscles for treatment of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Jordan, S.E., et al. Ann Vasc Surg, 14 (4): 365-9.

  59. 2001  Long-term follow-up and patient satisfaction after surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome. Sharp, W.J., et al. Ann Vasc Surg, 15 (1): 32-6.

  60. 2001  Long-term results of surgical decompression of thoracic outlet compression syndrome. Maxwell-Armstrong, C.A., et al. J R Coll Surg Edinb, 46 (1): 35-8.

  61. 2001  MRI of the brachial plexus. van Es, H.W. Eur Radiol, 11 (2): 325-36.

  62. 2001  Nerves of the thorax: atlas of normal and pathologic findings. Aquino, S.L., Duncan, G.R., and Hayman, L.A. Radiographics, 21 (5): 1275-81.

  63. 2001  Helical CT angiography of thoracic outlet syndrome. Matsumura, J.S., Yao, J.S., and Nemcek, A.A., Jr. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 177 (3): 714-5.

  64. 2001  Color Doppler and duplex sonography in 5 patients with thoracic outlet syndrome. Wadhwani, R., et al. J Ultrasound Med, 20 (7): 795-801.

  65. 2001  Noninvasive vascular laboratory for evaluation of peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Part III--Clinical applications: nonatherosclerotic lower extremity arterial conditions and upper extremity arterial disease. Rose, S.C. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 12 (1): 11-8.

  66. 2001  Diagnosing thoracic outlet syndrome: contribution of provocative tests, ultrasonography, electrophysiology, and helical computed tomography in 48 patients. Gillard, J., et al. Joint Bone Spine, 68 (5): 416-24.

  67. 2001  Anatomical variations of the scalene triangle: dissection of 10 cadavers. Rusnak-Smith, S., Moffat, M., and Rosen, E. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 31 (2): 70-80.

  68. 2001  Hypertrophic non-union of the first rib causing thoracic outlet syndrome: a case report. Suh, J.T., Park, B.G., and Yoo, C.I. J Korean Med Sci, 16 (5): 673-6.

  69. 2001  Outcomes after surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome. Axelrod, D.A., et al. J Vasc Surg, 33 (6): 1220-5.

  70. 2001  Diagnosis and treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome. Sheth, R.N. and Belzberg, A.J. Neurosurg Clin N Am, 12 (2): 295-309.

  71. 2002  Cervical burners in the athlete. Shannon, B. and Klimkiewicz, J.J. Clin Sports Med, 21 (1): 29-35, vi.

  72. 2002  Upper plexus thoracic outlet syndrome--case report. Matsuyama, T., Okuchi, K., and Goda, K. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo), 42 (5): 237-41.

  73. 2002  Brachial plexus anesthesia: essentials of our current understanding. Neal, J.M., et al. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 27 (4): 402-28.

  74. 2002  Management of cervical ribs and anomalous first ribs causing neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Sanders, R.J. and Hammond, S.L. J Vasc Surg, 36 (1): 51-6.

  75. 2002  Adult Brachial Plexus and Thoracic Outlet Surgery. Merrell, G.A. and Wolfe, S. Techniques in Shoulder & Elbow Surgery, 3 (4): 271-281.

  76. 2002  Multilevel nerve compression and muscle imbalance in work-related neuromuscular disorders. Novak, C.B. and Mackinnon, S.E. Am J Ind Med, 41 (5): 343-52.

  77. 2002  The Conundrum of Thoracic Outlet Surgery. Leffert, R.D. Techniques in Shoulder & Elbow Surgery, 3 (4): 262-270.

  78. 2003  Outcome following surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome. Bhattacharya, V., et al. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 26 (2): 170-5.

  79. 2003  Surgical treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome: effect and results of surgery. Balci, A.E., et al. Ann Thorac Surg, 75 (4): 1091-6; discussion 1096.

  80. 2003  Thoracic outlet: assessment with MR imaging in asymptomatic and symptomatic populations. Demondion, X., et al. Radiology, 227 (2): 461-8.

  81. 2003  Sonographic mapping of the normal brachial plexus. Demondion, X., et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 24 (7): 1303-9.

  82. 2003  SIR 2003 film panel case 7: arterial thoracic outlet syndrome presenting with upper extremity emboli and posterior circulation stroke. Matsen, S.L., et al. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 14 (6): 807-12.

  83. 2003  Intraoperative thermographic monitoring during neurogenic thoracic outlet decompressive surgery. Ellis, W. and Cheng, S. Vasc Endovascular Surg, 37 (4): 253-7.

  84. 2003  Outcomes of surgery in 1019 brachial plexus lesions treated at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. Kim, D.H., et al. J Neurosurg, 98 (5): 1005-16.

  85. 2003  Compressive neuropathies of the upper extremity. Spinner, R.J. and Amadio, P.C. Clin Plast Surg, 30 (2): 155-73, vi.

  86. 2004  Clinical predictors of surgical outcome in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome operated on via transaxillary approach. Yavuzer, S., Atinkaya, C., and Tokat, O. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 25 (2): 173-8.

  87. 2004  Surgical management of thoracic outlet syndrome: a 10-year experience. Samarasam, I., et al. ANZ J Surg, 74 (6): 450-4.

  88. 2004  Recurrent neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Ambrad-Chalela, E., Thomas, G.I., and Johansen, K.H. Am J Surg, 187 (4): 505-10.

  89. 2004  Recurrent thoracic outlet syndrome. Atasoy, E. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 99-105.

  90. 2004  Combined surgical treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome: transaxillary first rib resection and transcervical scalenectomy. Atasoy, E. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 71-82, vii.

  91. 2004  MR neurography and muscle MR imaging for image diagnosis of disorders affecting the peripheral nerves and musculature. Filler, A.G., Maravilla, K.R., and Tsuruda, J.S. Neurol Clin, 22 (3): 643-82, vi-vii.

  92. 2004  Evaluation of MR angiographic technique in the assessment of thoracic outlet syndrome. Charon, J.P., et al. Clin Radiol, 59 (7): 588-95.

  93. 2004  The brachial plexus: normal anatomy, pathology, and MR imaging. Bowen, B.C., et al. Neuroimaging Clin N Am, 14 (1): 59-85, vii-viii.

  94. 2004  Appendix: use of multidetector CT and three-dimensional reconstructions in thoracic outlet syndrome: a preliminary report. Brantigan, C.O., Johnston, R.J., and Roos, D.B. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 123-6, viii.

  95. 2004  Thoracic outlet syndrome surgery: long-term functional results. Degeorges, R., Reynaud, C., and Becquemin, J.P. Ann Vasc Surg, 18 (5): 558-65.

  96. 2004  Etiology of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Brantigan, C.O. and Roos, D.B. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 17-22.

  97. 2004  Thoracic outlet syndrome: anatomy. Atasoy, E. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 7-14, v.

  98. 2004  Brachial plexus anatomy. Leinberry, C.F. and Wehbe, M.A. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 1-5.

  99. 2004  Thoracic outlet syndrome. Huang, J.H. and Zager, E.L. Neurosurgery, 55 (4): 897-902; discussion 902-3.

  100. 2004  Gilliatt-Sumner hand revisited: a 25-year experience. Tender, G.C., et al. Neurosurgery, 55 (4): 883-90; discussion 890.

  101. 2004  Nerve injury about the shoulder in athletes, part 2: long thoracic nerve, spinal accessory nerve, burners/stingers, thoracic outlet syndrome. Safran, M.R. Am J Sports Med, 32 (4): 1063-76.

  102. 2004  Venous thoracic outlet syndrome. Sanders, R.J. and Hammond, S.L. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 113-8, viii.

  103. 2004  Supraclavicular first rib resection and total scalenectomy: technique and results. Sanders, R.J. and Hammond, S.L. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 61-70.

  104. 2004  Etiology and pathology. Sanders, R.J. and Hammond, S.L. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 23-6.

  105. 2004  Brachial plexopathies: classification, causes, and consequences. Ferrante, M.A. Muscle Nerve, 30 (5): 547-68.

  106. 2004  Complications of surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome. Leffert, R.D. Hand Clin, 20 (1): 91-8.

  107. 2005  Imaging the brachial plexus. Amrami, K.K. and Port, J.D. Hand Clin, 21 (1): 25-37.

  108. 2005  Sectional neuroanatomy of the upper thoracic spine and chest. Taber, K.H., et al. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 29 (2): 281-5.

  109. 2005  Thoracic outlet syndrome: pattern of clinical success after operative decompression. Altobelli, G.G., et al. J Vasc Surg, 42 (1): 122-8.

  110. 2005  Surgical treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome: a randomized trial comparing two operations. Sheth, R.N. and Campbell, J.N. J Neurosurg Spine, 3 (5): 355-63.

  111. 2006  Imaging assessment of thoracic outlet syndrome. Demondion, X., et al. Radiographics, 26 (6): 1735-50.

  112. 2006  Doppler Adson's test: predictor of outcome of surgery in non-specific thoracic outlet syndrome. Lee, A.D., Agarwal, S., and Sadhu, D. World J Surg, 30 (3): 291-2.

  113. 2006  Ultrasonographic Assessment of Arterial Cross-sectional Area in the Thoracic Outlet on Postural Maneuvers Measured With Power Doppler Ultrasonography in Both Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Populations. Demondion, X., et al. J Ultrasound Med, 25 (2): 217-24.

  114. 2006  Variations of the course of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus and their clinical significance for the thoracic outlet syndrome: a study on 93 cadavers. Natsis, K., et al. Am Surg, 72 (2): 188-92.